EXIT AND PARTICIPATION: RESPONSES TO DECLINING MEMBERSHIP IN SMALL CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS Roger R. Betancourt In a classic work titled ‘Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses To Declining Membership in Firms, Organizations and States’, Albert O. Hirschman suggested that there was a third factor linking exit (leaving the firm organization or state) to voice (acting in […]

The Misery of Cuban Merchandise Exports and the Sustainability of the Balance of Payments Ernesto Hernández-Catá The evolution of Cuba’s merchandise exports since the early 1990s is a source of deep concern. The value of exports stagnated during the 1990s and fell in relation to GDP, mostly because of the collapse in sugar exports. The […]

The Cuban economy 60 years later[1] Jorge A. Sanguinetty The beginning Six decades after the triumph of a revolutionary movement that promised to develop the country’s economy and improve the living standard of its people should provide a sufficiently ample perspective and enough data to ascertain whether and how those promises were fulfilled. Under the […]

VENEZUELA’S CUBAN BURDEN Luis R. Luis It is well known that Venezuela and Cuba maintain close political, economic and military relations. Cuba’s dependence on Venezuela for its supply of fuel is well documented as is Venezuela’s use of Cuban professionals in its social programs and internal security apparatus. The economic transactions behind this relationship are […]